According to his theory, people first direct their attention to satisfying their lower-order needs. d) People with a high need for achievement will also have a high need for affiliation. behavioral. d) Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization, Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as higher-order needs? a) Expectations, relationships, and goals Four componentssatisfaction progression, frustration, frustration regression, and aspirationare key to understanding Alderfers ERG theory. b) Equity trade accounts from customers prepaid expenses cash on hand loan. a) ERG theory collapses Maslow's five need levels into two need categories. psychopharmacology j. individual. The unique feature of Herzbergs theory is that job conditions that prevent dissatisfaction do not cause satisfaction. A near-death experience (NDE) is a profound personal experience associated with death or impending death which researchers claim share similar characteristics.When positive, such experiences may encompass a variety of sensations including detachment from the body, feelings of levitation, total serenity, security, warmth, the experience of absolute dissolution, and the presence of a light. Rays sold $3,745,060 of merchandise, of which 50% was on credit. The implication of McClellands research is that organizations should try to place people with high needs for social power in managerial jobs. Because of Herzbergs work, organizations today realize the potential of motivators. a) difficult goals lead to higher performance than "do your best" or easy goals 66. Hygiene e) equity, Which equation correctly reflects Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? e) 40, Locke and Latham goal-setting research found that __________. Find (a) the final date on which the cash discount may be taken and (b) the amount necessary to pay the invoice in full if the cash discount is earned. To please and win affection of a coveted object. These are expectations for Mintzberg's interpersonal role of ____. See Page 1 Section Reference: Types of Motivation Theories Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT: a) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. Other needs take over and we endeavor to satisfy them. Employees high in nAff should be placed in jobs that require or allow interactions with other employees. liaison AC78.6 ac midterm examinations theories. e) Growth, According to ERG, ____________ needs reflect a desire for continued personal development. Easy Peasy All-in-One Homeschool is a free Christian homeschool curriculum for grades K-12. 53. b) organizational policies and administration. Instincts are our natural, fundamental needs, basic to our survival. a) It is not pertinent for cultures outside of the United States. c) Its essence is that perceived inequity is a motivating state. They include such needs as the need for achievement, for love, and for affiliation (see Table 14.1).4. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like All of the following are reasons to examine criminological theories of crime EXCEPT ______., A criminal justice professional who does not understand criminal justice research is comparable to a ______., Criminological theories are all of the following EXCEPT ______. Question 1 All of the following are criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT: Answers: Selected Answer: c. He relied on correlational methods. Theyre constantly trying to accomplish something. All of the following statements describe hygiene factors in the two-factor theory EXCEPT: Other people have lower affiliation needs. SDT researchers have consistently found that as the level of extrinsic rewards increases, the amount of intrinsic motivation decreases. safety. Exhibit 14.6 shows how Maslows theory relates to factors that organizations can influence. To escape from a dangerous situation. b) instrumentality is high and expectancy and valence are low the consequences of an individual's behavior. e) improving hygiene factors will make people satisfied with their work. d. Ken Wilbur. e) an employee's responsibility to develop need profiles required for success in their respective manager's jobs, b) possible to teach people to develop need profiles required for success in different jobs. Henry A. Murray recognized this problem and condensed the list into a few instinctive and learned needs.3 Instincts, which Murray called primary needs, include physiological needs for food, water, sex (procreation), urination, and so on. The theories presented in this section focus on the importance of human needs. According to Maslow, Nicole is driven by which of these needs? Because when he digs a hole, he gets results. Over time the hobby becomes less fun and is done in order to receive extrinsic rewards (money). e) assumed negative inequity, According to equity theory, which of the following exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively more than others have received? The general strategy for the practical application of situational theories includes all of the following except? b) improved working conditions c) Procedural justice c) Expectancy 35. c) procedural justice According to Orem each of the four constituent theories within the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory include all of the following,EXCEPT: ( Multiple Choice) Question 9. d) Herzberg's two-factor theory. 56. a) How a person will respond to types of leadership direction Q9 - Rational choice theories developed in the midst of social events that included all of the following EXCEPT: The Drug War. e) relatedness factors. e) Less difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are more difficult goals. To separate oneself from a negatively valued object. e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory. Need-based theories describe motivated behavior as individual efforts to meet needs. Business Management Exam 1, Online Quizzes, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. e) It holds that people who feel underpaid will reduce their work efforts to compensate for missing rewards. Since content theories suggest that motivation results from individual needs, managers should __________. 6. d) Who will be a more appropriate manager for an employee c) Self-actualization <p>Official Rules</p> <p>NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. In fact, around the 1920s, some 6,000 human needs had been identified by behavioral scientists! In the context of motivation, level refers to __________. The degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed in all cases to which they are applied is known as __________. c) McClelland's acquired needs theory. e) organizational justice, ___________ is the degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy. Leadership theory classifications include all of the following EXCEPT: contingency. 2017. RBS boosts employee motivation and engagement through its CSR approach. employee benefits. 55. a. Second, once we have satisfied a need, it ceases to motivate us. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. abeka curriculum controversy. E) an attitudinal trait. Management by objectives is criticized for placing too much emphasis on goal-oriented rewards and punishments, top-down goals, goals that are easily stated in objective terms, and individual instead of group goals. a) expectancies Sustainability should be visible both within and outside the company. We strive to make the need disappear. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written c.) physiological, safety, and social. b. integrative. How? Job enrichment programs are among the many direct results of his research. There are four major process theories: (1) operant conditioning, (2) equity, (3) goal, and (4) expectancy. Then find the difference between the amount of savings interest and certificate of deposit interest. a) expectancies Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Hygienes can cause dissatisfaction if they are not present in sufficient levels. Previously, most organizations attended primarily to hygiene factors. d) esteem. c) achievement. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are on different scales in his view. a.) e) relatedness. c) affiliation Definition. c) People who feel they are overpaid tend to decrease the quantity or quality of their work, whereas people who feel they are underpaid tend to increase the quantity or quality of their work. Hygiene needs, on the other hand, must be met to avoid dissatisfaction (but do not necessarily provide satisfaction or motivation).15. a) felt negative inequity The cell membrane is composed. c) Existence, relatedness, and growth Leadership theory classifications include all of the following EXCEPT: a. behavioral. b) Self-actualization and esteem Busi 240 Liberty University Quiz 3BUSI 240 Quiz 2. Are CCC and DDD mutually exclusive? The need for achievement varies in intensity across individuals. c) reinforcers More specifically, Herzberg believes these motivators lead to high performance (achievement), and the high performance itself leads to satisfaction. The genetic theory of aging states that lifespan is largely determined by the genes we inherit. But paying him more will not cause long-term satisfaction unless motivators are present. Barton, Tynan. The basis behind this theory is that segments of DNA that occur at the . c) leaving the situation. c) Higher-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. a) the length of time a person sticks with a given action. insight therapies a. ______________ is classified as a content theory. These factors are so frequently associated with dissatisfaction that Herzberg claims they never really provide satisfaction. b) Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair are licensed under a, Major Characteristics of the Manager's Job, How the Brain Processes Information to Make Decisions: Reflective and Reactive Systems, Administrative and Bureaucratic Management, External and Internal Organizational Environments and Corporate Culture, The Internal Organization and External Environments, Organizing for Change in the 21st Century, Ethics, Corporate Responsibility, and Sustainability, Dimensions of Ethics: The Individual Level, Ethical Principles and Responsible Decision-Making, Leadership: Ethics at the Organizational Level, Ethics, Corporate Culture, and Compliance, Emerging Trends in Ethics, CSR, and Compliance, Cultural Stereotyping and Social Institutions, Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs, Trends in Entrepreneurship and Small-Business Ownership, Strategic Analysis: Understanding a Firms Competitive Environment, Gaining Advantages by Understanding the Competitive Environment, A Firm's External Macro Environment: PESTEL, A Firm's Micro Environment: Porter's Five Forces, Competition, Strategy, and Competitive Advantage, The Strategic Management Process: Achieving and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, The Role of Strategic Analysis in Formulating a Strategy, Strategic Objectives and Levels of Strategy, Planning Firm Actions to Implement Strategies, Measuring and Evaluating Strategic Performance, An Introduction to Human Resource Management, Influencing Employee Performance and Motivation, Talent Development and Succession Planning, Benefits and Challenges of Workplace Diversity, Situational (Contingency) Approaches to Leadership, Substitutes for and Neutralizers of Leadership, Transformational, Visionary, and Charismatic Leadership, Opportunities and Challenges to Team Building, Factors Affecting Communications and the Roles of Managers, Managerial Communication and Corporate Reputation, The Major Channels of Management Communication Are Talking, Listening, Reading, and Writing, Formal Organizational Planning in Practice, Management by Objectives: A Planning and Control Technique, The Control- and Involvement-Oriented Approaches to Planning and Controlling, MTIIts Importance Now and In the Future, External Sources of Technology and Innovation, Internal Sources of Technology and Innovation, Management Entrepreneurship Skills for Technology and Innovation, Managing Now for Future Technology and Innovation, The New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority undertook a new approach to how they perform critical inspection and maintenance of subway components that are necessary to providing reliable service. b. providing a value system. Identify situational conditions. To fight. c) Social, esteem, self-actualization, physiological, and safety When a person is behaving in a way that satisfies some need, Murray called the need manifest. c) Cells share similar chemical composition. 52. Describe a content theory of motivation. a) People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback. She enjoys feeling a sense of belonging. Why or why not? c) hygiene factors involve the work setting or the environment in which people work. That means that the employer should help employees satisfy lower-order needs like safety and security and social needs. To give sympathy and gratify the needs of a helpless object: an infant or any object that is weak, disabled, tired, inexperienced, infirm, defeated, humiliated, lonely, dejected, sick, or mentally confused. Vroom's expectancy theory argues that work motivation is determined by an individual's beliefs regarding the linkage between effort and performance, the linkage between performance and work outcomes, and the value placed on those work outcomes. They avoid both simple and impossible situations. But managers use theory every day. High-nAff people like to be around other people, including other people at work. According to McClelland, Joanna has a high need for _____________. The person may not have had the opportunity to express the need. Genetic Theory of Aging. d) affiliation factors c) an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives a. Good pay by itself will only make the employee neutral toward work; to attain satisfaction, employees need challenging job duties that result in a sense of achievement. Herzbergs theory has made lasting contributions to organizational research and managerial practice. b) Higher-order needs become less important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. Question 13 0 / 1 pts Content theories tend to: None of these Type: MC You Answered emphasize whether persistence will prevail provide a reasonable balance of direction and intensity focus on the intensity portion of motivation Correct Answer emphasize the direction component of motivation (Credit: Stefan Chow/ flickr/ Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)), https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/14-2-content-theories-of-motivation, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Most counseling theories have been developed: a. in a scientific laboratory. David C. McClelland and his associates (especially John W. Atkinson) built on the work of Murray for over 50 years. 61. An invoice of $3168 from Scottish Importers has cash terms of 4/20 EOM and is dated June 5. A high-nPow person may try to convince others to do things that are detrimental to the organization. d) interactional justice According to Maslow, lower-level needs must be satisfied before high-level needs can be achieved. a) Esteem, social, and safety d) Existence, relatedness, and goals Herzberg considered job duties that lead to feelings of achievement and recognition to be motivators. c) sense of responsibility. On the other hand, SDT would suggest that to enhance intrinsic motivation on jobs that are interesting, dont focus only on increasing extrinsic rewards (like large pay bonuses). Why is this? Earrings Depot records bad debt using the allowance, balance sheet method. Jobs that pay well and that are performed in safe, clean working conditions with adequate supervision and resources directly or indirectly satisfy these lower-order needs. d) psychologically distorting the comparisons. They constantly ask how they are doing, sometimes to the point of being a nuisance. b) hygiene factors are sources of job dissatisfaction. Identify important outcomes. Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT: c. He relied on correlational methods. a) reducing work inputs. d) power d) Herzberg's two-factor theory. Once those needs have been satisfied, the next level, social needs, become energized. Hedonism, one of the first motivation theories, assumes that people are motivated to satisfy mainly their own needs (seek pleasure, avoid pain). a) opportunity for advancement. c.) An individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives. b) instrumentalities The theory of multiple intelligences, developed by Howard Gardner, posits that humans can possess eight different types of intelligence: musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Such needs may exist (latent needs); the work environment is simply not conducive to their manifestation (manifest needs). Our needs for food and water are instinctive. b) People with a high need for power are drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication. d) goals that are easily stated in objective terms. Considerable numbers of studies have demonstrated that tasks are intrinsically motivating when they satisfy at least one of three higher-order needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. c) Do your best Social comparison is the basic foundation of which theory? c) supervision. citation tool such as, Authors: David S. Bright, Anastasia H. Cortes. a) The multiplier effect is still in question. a) work itself. b) the amount of effort a person puts forth d.) Goal setting 47. The Anti-Immigration Protests. SDT takes the concepts of extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation further than the other need theories. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe motivator factors in the two-factor theory? and more. Management by objectives is criticized for placing too much emphasis on all of the following EXECPT: c) affiliation a) pay To assist an object in danger. To excite, amaze, fascinate, entertain, shock, intrigue, amuse, or entice others. According to the company website, Bombas exists to help solve this problem, to support the homeless community, and to bring awareness to an under-publicized problem in the United States (n.p.). The possibilities are endless. d) tacit negative inequity d) Clayton Alderfer a) Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence A manifest need is whatever need is motivating us at a given time. Or she may not be in the proper environment to solicit behaviors to satisfy the need. Herzberg recommends using _________ to build motivators into job content. d) improving hygiene factors will prevent people from being dissatisfied. a) Self-actualization Manifest needs theory laid the groundwork for later theories, most notably McClellands learned needs theory, that have greatly influenced the study of organizational behavior. [3] [page needed] Stage theories [ edit] This book uses the d) valences That is, we are motivated by intrinsic rewards, rewards that we more or less give ourselves. a) Distributive justice Do you study at Liberty University? true. For example, it is difficult for researchers to ascertain when interaction with others satisfies our need for acceptance and when it satisfies our need for recognition. c) Existence, relatedness, and growth Herzbergs theory even allows for the possibility that an employee can be satisfied and dissatisfied at the same timethe I love my job but I hate the pay situation! Process theories of motivation focus on which of the following? To avoid humiliation. If the dollar decreases in value in Because meeting these needs provides satisfaction, they motivate workers. [2] In addition to individual differences in development, developmental psychologists generally agree that development occurs in an orderly way and in different areas simultaneously. c) ERG theory contends that more than one need may be activated at a particular point in time, whereas Maslow's theory does not. d) Equity Clayton Alderfer observed that very few attempts had been made to test Maslows full theory. a) expectancy is high and instrumentality and valence are low They represent a continuing process of self-development and self-improvement that, once satisfied on one dimension (painting), create motivation to continue on other dimensions (sculpting). Content theories of motivation mainly focus on the physiological and psychological deficiencies that people feel a compulsion to reduce or eliminate. d) Existence, relatedness, and goals a) power. So, high-nAff employees will be especially motivated to perform well if others depend on them. d) improving hygiene factors will prevent people from being dissatisfied. Although the New Yorkbased company is still growing, as of October 2017 Bombas had donated more than four million pairs of socks (Bombas 2017). In contrast, if high-nAff people perform jobs in isolation from other people, they will be less motivated to perform well. A disaster may be domestic or international b. Kohlberg's theory of moral development Piaget's stages of cognitive development Erikson's stages of psychosocial development Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. 30. d. goal-setting theory. b) changing the outcomes received. Maintaining good relationships with their coworkers is important to them, so they go to great lengths to make the work group succeed because they fear rejection. But most of us dont steal. a) Individualistic A reclusive accountant may not have been given the opportunity to demonstrate their need for achievement because they never received challenging assignments. To achieve cleanliness, arrangement, organization, balance, neatness, tidiness, and precision. That is, we lose interest in the higher-level needs when lower-order needs are energized. To surrender. b) Motivation = expectancy X equity X rewards e) Motivation = expectancy + rewards + valence, a) Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence, The expectancy theory of motivation predicts that a person will be motivated to work hard when __________. c) hygiene factors To be seen and heard. Which of the following is the correct order of Maslow's needs from the lowest (lower-order need) to the highest (higher-order need)? All of the following descriptions of Maslow's needs hierarchy are correct EXCEPT: e) The absence of motivator factors causes job dissatisfaction. Job enrichment is one effective strategy; this frequently entails training and rotating employees through different jobs, or adding new challenges. According to this perspective, the manager's job is to identify what people need and then to make sure that the work environment becomes a means of satisfying these needs. Once satisfied, employees will be motivated to build esteem and respect through their work achievements. e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory. But, if they have achievement needs, the job itself creates little motivation to perform. A need is a human condition that becomes "energized" when people feel deficient in some respect. a) Acquired needs a) Motivator factors are related to job content. a) The multiplier effect is still in question. One major implication of Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory is the somewhat counterintuitive idea that managers should focus more on motivators than on hygienes. The more we grow, the more we want to grow. Herzberg also refers to these factors as dissatisfiers because they are frequently associated with dissatisfied employees. Learned needs, which Murray called secondary needs, are learned throughout ones life and are basically psychological in nature. First, when a need has been energized, we are motivated to satisfy it. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo In this case, Alderfers third component, frustration regression, can cause us to shift our attention to a previously satisfied, more concrete, and verifiable need. Automation has eliminated many such jobs, but they are still numerous. B) an individual's intensity, direction and persistence. A common perception about people who perform unskilled jobs is that they are unmotivated and content doing what they are doing. identify relevant leadership behaviors. Jobs that are best performed alone are more appropriate for low-nAff employees, who are less likely to be frustrated. Maslows theory is still popular among practicing managers. Do you think most companies CSR programs are essentially PR gimmicks? d) understand individual employee needs and create work environments that respond to them. That is, before one type of need can manifest itself, other needs must be satisfied. They actively seek out performance feedback. They should then address the much more powerful motivator needs, in which workers experience recognition, responsibility, achievement, and growth. To have sexual intercourse. With its purpose and goals defined, it can then educate the workforce on sustainable methods to create knowledge and competence. The implications of Maslows theory for organizational behavior are as much conceptual as they are practical. The answer is, the success of many organizations is dependent on the nAch levels of their employees.6 This is especially true for jobs that require self-motivation and managing others. Needs can also be satisfied at some point but become active (dissatisfied) again. b) Equity, reinforcers, and goals a. a) Lower-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. It is critical, however, that those managerial jobs allow the employee to satisfy the nPow through social power acquisition. e) relatedness, According to McClelland, someone with a high need for _________ is drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication. b.) e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory. e) It is not commonly used outside of the United States. Murrays main premise was that people have a variety of needs, but only a few are expressed at a given time. Skip to document . d) Goals are most likely to motivate people toward higher performance when they are accepted and there is commitment to them. a. b) Cells pass on genetic material to daughter cells during cell division. e) Motivation, If the average worker can produce 25 ornaments an hour, which goal is likely to lead to the best performance? When we are hungry, for example, our need for food has been energized. The cell theory includes all of the following EXCEPT: a) All living things are composed of cells. A common thread through all of them is that people have a variety of needs. They feel personally responsible for completing whatever tasks they are assigned. 2016. How Companies Can Tap Sustainability to Motivate Staff. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/how-companies-tap-sustainability-to-motivate-staff/, Mulvey, Kelsey. For each pair of socks purchased, the company donates a pair of socks to someone in need (Mulvey 2017). To praise, honor, or eulogize. They want others to respond to their wishes whether or not it is good for the organization. They differ in that they feel best when they have influenced a work group to achieve the groups goals, and not some personal agenda. Operant Conditioning Theory Operant conditioning theory is the simplest of the motivation theories. a) 23 Find the amount of interest that could be earned in a savings account and a certificate of deposit account. Whatever their perspective, most people have a cause that they are passionate about. To snub or jilt an object. As a result, they perform better in jobs that require teamwork. The second component, frustration, occurs when we attempt but fail to satisfy a particular need. b) It is best known through the work of J. Stacy Adams. 58. In the context of motivation, level refers to __________. Joanna likes attention and is driven by seeking influence over others. SDT would suggest that the primary way to motivate high performance for such jobs is to make performance contingent on extrinsic rewards. __________ is classified as a process theory. Theyre more likely to go bowling with friends after work than to go home and watch television. Which of the following is a limitation of Herzberg's two-factor theory? why is gary kray buried with frances, wonderview school district jobs,