Our data set, MuscleDB, reveals extensive transcriptional diversity, with greater than 50% of transcripts differentially expressed among skeletal muscle tissues. Each diamond represents a sample colored according to tissue identity as indicated in the legend. Genes showing differences in expression level in a particular tissue compared with all other tissues, or species compared with all other species in the same tissue, within the upper or lower 5% quintile (10% quintile in the tissue comparison) of the difference distribution were classified as tissue-specific or species-specific in a given tissue respectively. How many copies of the mutant gene do people need to have to develop DYT 1 dystonia? The following sections provide a basic framework for the understanding of gross human muscular anatomy, with descriptions of the large muscle groups and their actions. The erector spinae muscles, for example, extend the back (bend it backward) and side bend the back. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871, Academic Editor: David Penny, Massey University, New Zealand, Received: November 4, 2013; Accepted: April 17, 2014; Published: May 27, 2014. Ami Ankileweitz has Spinal Muscle Atrophy, a genetic disorder that has caused his muscles to wither away. Isoform identification and titin alternative splicing events in human skeletal muscle. Gospe et al. We thank the personnel of the Suzhou Animal Research Center and particularly Changgen Lian, Su Jin, and Bijia Jiang for help with macaque strength experiments; the personnel of the Shanghai Weiyu junior middle school and particularly Dongping Wang for help with human teenager strength experiments; Guo Song for help in climber recruitment; Jing Jin, He Zhisong, Hindrike Bammann, Hu Haiyang, Li Qian, Yunxian Huang, and Yoann Portugal for technical help in the muscle strength experiments; Mikhail Gelfand, Michael Lachmann, and Mehmet Somel for helpful discussions; and Jerome Boyd-Kirkup for help in manuscript preparation. By combining metabolite concentration and gene expression measurements, we showed that pathways containing excess of tissue-specific metabolic profiles also showed significant over-representation of corresponding tissue-specific gene expression profiles in all 13 metabolite clusters (permutation p<0.05, Figure 2c). For us humans, the things that make one different from someone else can be as simple as hair color, eye color, or height. Nevertheless, the 2 months' exposure of macaques to human-like environmental conditions did recapitulate some human-specific metabolic changes, indicating the relevance of our environmental tests. Indeed, several physiological features specific to humans imply possible metabolic adaptations. Functional analysis of metabolite variation among tissues. The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray), and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques with mice (blue). To test whether the metabolite concentration differences among tissues could be confirmed against differences in the expression of their corresponding enzymes, we measured transcript levels in 120 of the 365 tissue samples using RNA-seq (Tables S1, S6). July 6, 2020 Not long after his sixteenth birthday, Fred Clay was arrested for the murder of a cab driver in Boston. EXTRAORDINARY definition | Cambridge English Dictionary The sternocleidomastoid muscles are involved in cervical side bending. Our results indicate that the reallocation of energy to energetically costly human brains may have required further decrease in energy expense in the skeletal muscle, at least during peak performance. Only 3 left in stock - order soon. With hundreds of free documentaries published and categorised every month, there's something for every taste. Numbers and borderlines of different shades of gray indicate metabolite groups showing correlated concentration profiles across multiple pathways. While the molecular mechanism linking metabolic divergence with changes in muscular strength on the human evolutionary lineage cannot be determined based on our observations alone, we hypothesize that metabolic evolution of human muscle and brain metabolomes may have occurred in parallel. 49. Yes National Geographic explores the science behind bones, blood, muscles, and skin. Also followed: a 41-year-old man. Extraordinary Humans: Muscles & Skin (DVD) $19.93. var googleSearchIframeName = "cse-search-results"; var googleSearchFormName = "cse-search-box"; var . occipital frontalis: a muscle that is located on the forehead that is responsible for moving the scalp up and downward and moving the eyebrows up and down corrugator supercilli: the muscles. What is dystonia, what are the different causes if dystonia, and how does it affect the muscular system including the major muscles type that is affected. Sequencing libraries were prepared using the TruSeq RNA-seq Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In analyses of species-specific metabolic changes unique to the five individual tissues used in this study, we excluded metabolite peaks with concentration levels specific to a given species and showing the same direction (increase or decrease) of change in multiple tissues within three tissue groups: (i) PFC and V1; (ii) cortex and CBC; (ii) brain, kidney, and muscle. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s035. Required fields are marked *. They're pretty common, and usually negligible. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, Affiliations Among them, 1,535 could be annotated using metabolite standards or computationally matching the metabolite features to metabolite database entries. Donec gravida mi a condimentum rutrum. Also followed: a 41-year-old man with spinal muscle atrophy, which has caused his muscles to wither away. cardiac, smooth, skeletal 3. Neurons are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems The axon of the neuron contains the nucleus All neurons have myelin sheaths Dendrites, Which statement is true regarding the skeletal system? Grouping of species-specific metabolites and KEGG pathways in PFC. Further, 80% of peaks showed significant concentration differences among the four species and 61% among primates (permutation p<0.01, FDR<2%), indicating large scope and potential functional importance of metabolome divergence among species. Many of these people do activities previously thought impossible for people in their condition. extraordinary humans muscles transcriptmansion airbnb virginiamansion airbnb virginia (a) Functional units of KEGG pathways containing significant excesses of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in PFC and skeletal muscle. Name:_____ Period:_____ Date:_____ Incredible Human Machine Video Worksheet Directions: Answer the following questions as you watch the movie. Extraordinary diversity of transcription among Skeletal Muscle Tissues (SMTs) SMTs comprise the largest tissues (by weight) in the pig body (30-70% of porcine carcass weight 36) (Supplementary Fig.. Any discussion about muscle and muscle performance would not be adequate if we didn't mention something about nutrition, but rather than have a whole discussion about nutrition, cause there's lots of information about that online, for instance, if you want to gain muscle that you need to have a calorie surplus of about 10 to 15%. How much do you know about the rich history of the engagement ring? Briefly, polyadenylated RNA was isolated using a poly-dT bead procedure and then chemically fragmented and randomly primed for reverse transcription. 31-year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disease that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. Numbers and borderlines of different shades of gray indicate metabolite groups showing correlated concentration profiles across multiple pathways. The control samples listed in this Table represent macaques kept in the same conditions as all other macaques used in main experiment, and are age-matched with condition 1 and condition 2 individuals. The highest measurement of each individual was used in the p-value calculation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s004. All tissues were snap-frozen after dissection and stored at 80C without thawing. Peak concentration profiles normalized by their Euclidian norm are shown with gray lines. The colors indicate proportions of peaks showing species-specific concentration changes on the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, as well as the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray). They Can't Fly, But These People Have Weird Superhuman Abilities The Big Problem With Well-Endowed Men. She explains why you may not like the sound of your own voice on recordings, the differences between your outward, inward and inner voices -- and the extraordinary things you communicate without being aware of it. Other mutations can lead to extra . The Table shows: (1) all pathways; (2) pathways that contain at least one enzyme showing species-specific expression pattern that matches the concentration profile of the pathway metabolites; (3) pathways in which metabolites and enzymes with matching species-specific concentration and expression profiles are directly linked in KEGG annotation; (4) pathways showing significant overrepresentation of enzymes with matching species-specific expression profiles either directly or indirectly linked with pathway metabolites. After 3-end adenylation of these products, Illumina Single-End Sequencing adapters were ligated to the blunt ends of the cDNA fragments. 12 oz of iced tea 2 cups of low salt tomato soup 20 oz coffee 12 oz beer QUESTION 44 Your elderly neighbor, QUESTION 6 Your patient has an elevated WBC and a serious infection. Here, we bring together information on the alterations in the rates of synthesis and degradation of human muscle protein by different types of exercise and the influences of . We used the resulting annotation to assign the metabolites to specific KEGG [34] pathways and inspected metabolic pathways overrepresented in the two types of metabolite groups found in our analysis: clusters of all peaks and peaks showing species-specific concentration levels in different tissues. 63. KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in PFC. The nerve impulse triggers the muscle to contract. Each circle represents an individual sample colored according to species. Next, we tested the overrepresentation of enzymes with expression profiles matching concentration profiles of metabolites among: (i) enzymes annotated in pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in a tissue, as well as pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites from tissue-specific metabolite clusters; (ii) enzymes directly linked to metabolites based on KEGG annotation in the tissue-specific clusters or the species-specific metabolites. The proportion of enzymes with the corresponding expression profile linked to the tested metabolite grouppathway (i) or cluster (ii)was compared with the proportion obtained in the sampling test. Side bending also is an important action of the cervical spine. The LC-MS datasets were filtered according to the following criteria: Before applying the last filtering criterion, outlier samples were removed from the datasets. No idea how this may play out. In his new book, The Unseen Body, Dr. Jonathan Reisman offers a guided tour inside the human body, from the remarkable design of our organs . Comparison of gene expression among three primate species was based on the genome mapping reported by the liftOver tool. Yes Inf indicates no overlapping metabolites with concentration levels specific to a given species was found between the datasets. -- [episode 2]. For reconstruction of the mouse and human junctions, we additionally used mouse genome annotation and homology information. extraordinary meaning: 1. very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange: 2. a special meeting that happens between. To facilitate functional analysis of metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in different tissues and KEGG pathways with significant overrepresentation of these metabolites, we grouped pathways according to shared metabolites into functional units. Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Metabolic measurements were accompanied by the measurements of the expression of enzymes using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in a subset of 120 tissue samples. (a) Dendrogram of 9,603 metabolite peaks after hierarchical clustering, based on concentration profile correlations across tissues in all four species. Peaks showing significant difference (t-test p<0.01, permutation p<0.01) in condition 1 or condition 2 samples and showing the same direction of change in the human samples (elevated or decreased) were classified as affected by environmental change in condition 1 or condition 2, respectively. Get it as soon as Thursday, Nov 17. In addition, we tested 15 teenagers (1314 years, seven females, eight males, body mass 4369 kg, mean 53 kg7 kg) with ages corresponding to the ages of the tested macaques and some of the tested chimpanzees. We designed an experimental setup for testing muscular strength of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques that would be applicable to all three species to a similar extent. While blood flow to the muscles is increased, blood flow to vulnerable extremities is decreased. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Extraordinary Humans: Muscles & Skin at Amazon.com. However, it would stand to reason that. These characteristics may be involved in causing muscle weakness. Extraordinary People is a television documentary series broadcast on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom. We're committed to providing the best documentaries from around the World. A mutation in a gene that makes a muscle protein can lead to a condition where muscle cells grow bigger, leading to a very muscular physique, even in children. These video questions are designed to accompany the National Geographic video "Extraordinary Humans: Mucles." Extraordinary Humans: Muscles - YouTube This process resulted in functional units and metabolite groups representing different metabolic functionality. a The previously reported classes of isoforms differ from each other by the inclusion/exclusion of exons 48 (included only in Novex3 isoform) and 49 (included in all the other isoforms except the long skeletal muscle N2A-isoform). All selected individuals had no medical history or reported abnormal behavior and were healthy during the strength experiments. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s023. From a total set of tissue samples used in metabolite measurements, we selected, based on the RNA preservation, a subset of six samples from each species and each tissue (120 samples in total) for the analysis of gene expression. Among them, 13 clusters were sufficiently large, i.e., cumulatively contained more than 90% of all clustered peaks, and were used in further analysis. The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: PK PG JC OH. Proportions of gene expression change on the primate evolutionary lineages based on 17,913 transcripts present in all three species. One of them is Jason Dunn, a 35 year old guy that lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder causing his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. The erector spinae muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) are large, deep muscles that extend the length of the back. Numbers of peaks showing significant concentration differences between control macaques and humans or chimpanzees were estimated using randomly chosen six human or six chimpanzee individuals, the same numbers as for C1 and C2 macaque monkeys. Written consent for the use of human tissues for research was obtained from all donors or their next of kin. , Extraordinary humans : muscles & skin, produced by Authentic Entertainment Inc. ; executive producers, Lauren Lexton, Tom Rogan, (videorecording), National Geographic Channel (Television station : Washington, D.C.), produced by Authentic Entertainment Inc. ; executive producers, Lauren Lexton, Tom Rogan, http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/collectionName, Extraordinary humans (Television program), http://library.link/vocab/relatedWorkOrContributorDate, http://library.link/vocab/relatedWorkOrContributorName, [Episode 1]. No, Is the Subject Area "Enzymes" applicable to this article? 3. Compact bone of flat bones in adults is commonly filled with red bone marrow External stresses placed on bone (such as exercise) will decrease, When evaluating the daily fluid intake of a senior, which of the following is not counted? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s026. The plots show 120 tissue samples from the four species, six samples per species per tissue, selected among all samples used in metabolite measurements. The modules (metabolite groups) are shown in Figure S11. Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a person's body weight. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis also assist in neck side bending. Columns represent metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles in these tissues. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Affiliation Transcriptional profiling reveals extraordinary diversity among - eLife 2 Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland. Each enclosure hosted a group of approximately 20 individuals and contained multiple objects used for climbing. the documentary. Human samples were obtained from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders at the University of Maryland, the Netherlands Brain Bank, China's Wuhan Xiehe Hospital, and the Chinese Brain Bank Center. List of peaks illustrated in Figure 3c. Further experiments are needed to investigate the exact extent of muscle performance differences between humans and nonhuman primates, as well as the link between changes in muscle performance and muscle metabolite composition on the human lineage. A new largescale genetic analysis has found biological mechanisms that contribute to making people more susceptible to muscle weakness in later life . As all human and most chimpanzee samples were not collected immediately after death, we removed from further analysis 636 peaks with concentrations affected by postmortem delay (Table S3). Yes Body System Interaction Scenario Cards - Studyres All nonhuman primates used in this study suffered sudden deaths for reasons other than their participation in this study and without any relation to the tissue used. A pig BodyMap transcriptome reveals diverse tissue physiologies and evolutionary dynamics of transcription Long Jin, Qianzi Tang, Silu Hu, Zhongxu Chen, Xuming Zhou, Bo Zeng, Yuhao Wang, Mengnan. extraordinary humans muscles transcriptwhat happened to mekhi brown. The motion of the neck is described in terms of rotation, flexion, extension, and side bending (i.e., the motion used to touch the ear to the shoulder). The difference in concentration levels of each metabolite between humans and chimpanzees and rhesus macaques is given next to the respective metabolite. Cardiac muscle makes up the mass of the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of that vital pumping organ; it too is under involuntary control. Do Schools Kill Creativity by Sir Ken Robinson (Transcript) Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CS PH JE OH JB XL MS SP LW. Studies demonstrating a connection between aerobic exercise and cognitive performance in humans of different age indicate that these two organs might be metabolically related [21]. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; []LC-MS, Each aliquot was concentrated to complete dryness in a speed vacuum centrifuge at room temperature. extraordinary humans muscles transcript mansion airbnb virginia The diet of condition 1 monkeys was kept unchanged and was the same as the diet of monkeys from the control group. Every waking moment his muscles flex out of his control, twisting his body into unusual positions. Daniel Lieberman's Edge Bio Page. Learn more. Based on shared metabolites, these pathways could be further grouped into functional units. As a result, his muscles flex out of his control, and his body twists into unusual positions. Across these datasets, we quantified a total of 10,615 peaks (mass spectrometry features), which were detected in at least one tissue of one species (Figure 1a). After 10 min of centrifugation, the supernatant was collected and dried in a speed vacuum. The metabolic changes that were induced by environmental effects showed significant enrichment in 19 KEGG pathways (permutation p<0.01, Table S19) containing a total number of human-specific metabolic change (68 peaks) significantly higher than expected in randomly sampled pathways (permutation p<0.05). In the comparison of gene expression among primates, we used a larger set of genes' exons that could be mapped among the three primate species. Subsequently, fibers were classified under light microscopy as type I, IIa, and IIx fibers. Clustering of species-specific metabolites and KEGG pathways in skeletal muscle. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s002. (b) Numbers of metabolite peaks differentiating humans, chimpanzees, and macaques subjected to environmental condition 1 (C1: physical activity deprivation), and macaques subjected to environmental condition 2 (C2: high nutrition and physical activity deprivation) from the control macaques in any of the five tissues (t-test, p<0.01). How can the various forms of dystonia occur? 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Yes Our results suggesting a major difference in muscular strength between humans and nonhuman primates provide one possible explanation for this phenomenon. The RNA-seq libraries were sequenced (100 cycles) on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. According to the legend, the conflict broke out in 1325 after a group of Modenese soldiers dashed into the rival town of Bologna. Organization of the Table is analogous to Table S14. While differences in muscle energy consumption between humans and other primates are currently unknown, we speculate that metabolic coevolution of muscle and brain may require either an overall decrease in muscle energy consumption or, alternatively, a shift to alternative energy sources, such as lipids, thus realizing more glucose for an energy-demanding human brain. How many muscles did the video says the body uses just to take a single step? iron status becomes toxic the infection does not affect iron status its harder to. As a result, his muscles flex out of his control, and his body twists into unusual positions. Distinct membranous expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The plot is organized as in Figure S10, the metabolite groups are listed in Table S15. The samples were incubated for 10 min at 4C on an orbital shaker. Peripheral vision turns into tunnel vision to minimize distractions. By contrast, the extent of metabolic divergence on the human evolutionary lineage differed substantially among tissues (Figure 3a,b; Figure S7). extraordinary humans muscles transcript. Functional modules comprised of metabolites and pathways showing human-specific changes in skeletal muscle. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s031. These individuals were housed in spacious group cages hosting family groups of about 20 individuals and providing open and walled living spaces of about 120 m3 in total. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. RT of a peak in all samples within the range of 2 min around the median RT of this peak. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Affiliation National Geographic explores the science of skin by taking us inside the bodies of two extraordinary humans living with puzzling genetic conditions. Updates? The direction of the action can be ipsilateral, which refers to movement in the direction of the contracting muscle, or contralateral, which refers to movement away from the side of the contracting muscle.